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What is Free Evolution? Free evolution is the concept that natural processes can cause organisms to develop over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species. This is evident in many examples, including stickleback fish varieties that can be found in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect species that have a preference for particular host plants. These reversible traits however, are not able to be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans. Evolution by Natural Selection The development of the myriad of living creatures on Earth is an enigma that has fascinated scientists for many centuries. The most widely accepted explanation is Charles Darwin's natural selection, a process that occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more effectively than those that are less well adapted. Over time, the population of individuals who are well-adapted grows and eventually develops into a new species. Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of three factors including reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction both of which enhance the genetic diversity within the species. Inheritance refers to the passing of a person's genetic characteristics to their offspring that includes recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of producing viable, fertile offspring, which includes both sexual and asexual methods. Natural selection only occurs when all of these factors are in equilibrium. For example, if an allele that is dominant at one gene causes an organism to survive and reproduce more frequently than the recessive allele the dominant allele will become more common in the population. But if the allele confers an unfavorable survival advantage or reduces fertility, it will disappear from the population. This process is self-reinforcing meaning that an organism with an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce much more than those with a maladaptive feature. The more fit an organism is as measured by its capacity to reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it produces. People with desirable characteristics, like a longer neck in giraffes or bright white color patterns in male peacocks, are more likely to survive and produce offspring, which means they will become the majority of the population over time. Natural selection is an element in the population and not on individuals. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which states that animals acquire traits by use or inactivity. For example, if a Giraffe's neck grows longer due to stretching to reach for prey and its offspring will inherit a larger neck. The difference in neck length between generations will continue until the giraffe's neck gets too long that it can not breed with other giraffes. Evolution through Genetic Drift Genetic drift occurs when the alleles of a gene are randomly distributed in a population. Eventually, only 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated through natural selection) and the other alleles will decrease in frequency. In extreme cases, this leads to dominance of a single allele. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In 에볼루션 게이밍 of people, this could lead to the total elimination of recessive allele. This scenario is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that takes place when a lot of individuals migrate to form a new group. A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when survivors of a disaster such as an epidemic or a massive hunt, are confined into a small area. The survivors will share an allele that is dominant and will share the same phenotype. This may be caused by a conflict, earthquake or even a disease. The genetically distinct population, if it remains vulnerable to genetic drift. Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew utilize Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew use a “purely outcome-oriented” definition of drift as any deviation from the expected values for variations in fitness. They cite the famous example of twins who are genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other is able to reproduce. This type of drift can play a crucial role in the evolution of an organism. But, it's not the only method to evolve. The main alternative is a process called natural selection, in which phenotypic variation in the population is maintained through mutation and migration. Stephens argues there is a significant difference between treating drift like an actual cause or force, and treating other causes such as migration and selection mutation as forces and causes. He argues that a causal-process account of drift allows us differentiate it from other forces and this distinction is essential. He also argues that drift is both a direction, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, that is determined by population size. Evolution through Lamarckism When students in high school take biology classes, they are frequently introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829). His theory of evolution is commonly known as “Lamarckism” and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms via the inherited characteristics that are a result of the natural activities of an organism usage, use and disuse. Lamarckism can be illustrated by an giraffe's neck stretching to reach higher levels of leaves in the trees. This process would result in giraffes passing on their longer necks to offspring, which then become taller. Lamarck the French Zoologist from France, presented a revolutionary concept in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged previous thinking on organic transformation. In his view living things evolved from inanimate matter through the gradual progression of events. Lamarck wasn't the first to make this claim, but he was widely thought of as the first to offer the subject a comprehensive and general explanation. The dominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and Lamarckism were rivals during the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately won which led to what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that traits acquired through evolution can be acquired through inheritance and instead suggests that organisms evolve by the symbiosis of environmental factors, like natural selection. Although Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance by acquired characters, and his contemporaries also paid lip-service to this notion but it was not a central element in any of their theories about evolution. This is partly because it was never scientifically tested. It has been more than 200 years since the birth of Lamarck and in the field of age genomics there is a growing evidence-based body of evidence to support the heritability acquired characteristics. This is often called “neo-Lamarckism” or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. It is a form of evolution that is just as valid as the more well-known neo-Darwinian model. Evolution by the process of adaptation One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is its being driven by a struggle for survival. This view misrepresents natural selection and ignores the other forces that are driving evolution. The struggle for survival is more accurately described as a struggle to survive within a particular environment, which could involve not only other organisms, but also the physical environment itself. To understand how evolution functions, it is helpful to think about what adaptation is. It is a feature that allows a living organism to live in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physical structure like fur or feathers. Or it can be a behavior trait, like moving towards shade during the heat, or coming out to avoid the cold at night. An organism's survival depends on its ability to extract energy from the surrounding environment and interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism should possess the right genes for producing offspring, and be able to find enough food and resources. In addition, the organism should be capable of reproducing in a way that is optimally within its environmental niche. These factors, along with gene flow and mutation, lead to changes in the ratio of alleles (different types of a gene) in a population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequency can lead to the emergence of new traits, and eventually new species. A lot of the traits we admire in animals and plants are adaptations. For instance lung or gills that extract oxygen from the air feathers and fur for insulation, long legs to run away from predators and camouflage to conceal. However, a proper understanding of adaptation requires paying attention to the distinction between behavioral and physiological traits. Physiological adaptations, such as thick fur or gills are physical characteristics, whereas behavioral adaptations, like the tendency to seek out companions or to move into the shade in hot weather, are not. Additionally it is important to note that lack of planning does not mean that something is an adaptation. Failure to consider the consequences of a decision, even if it appears to be rational, may make it inflexible.